Actors in Peace Operations
About 120,000 personnel – military, civilian and police – are currently deployed in some 77 peace operations around the world. At present, Germany is contributing approximately 750 persons to these operations, including military and police personnel as well as around 180 civilian experts. They work in peace operations conducted by international organisations as well as in headquarters.
International organisations
The following section provides information on the international organisations to whose peace operations we second civilian experts or with which we cooperate in other ways. An overview of all organisations conducting peace operations can be found here.
United Nations
With around 68,000 women and men in its 11 ongoing peacekeeping operations and 12 political missions, the United Nations are by far the most important international actor in the area of peace operations. Since 1948, over one million people have served in its missions, and 4,400 have lost their lives. Depending on their mandate, UN peace operations are staffed by military, police and civilian personnel. In the majority of operations, all three components work hand in hand. UN peace operations are actively involved in protecting civilians from violent conflicts, preventing conflicts, monitoring ceasefires, building the rule of law, strengthening security sector institutions and promoting human rights and the equal participation of women.
The personnel and financial capacities for these missions are provided by the UN’s more than 190 Member States. The responsibility within the UN Secretariat lies with the Department of Peace Operations (DPO) for peacekeeping missions and with the Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs (DPPA) for political missions.
- Currently 11 peacekeeping operations and 12 political missions;
- Over 71 peace operations since 1948;
- Deployed Personnel: nearly 4,100 civilian experts, more than 8,000 local civilian personnel, 1,300 UN Volunteers, nearly 58,000 soldiers (of which about 7% are women), nearly 6,400 police officers (of which about 19.7% are women) (as of Dezember 2024);
- First peace operation: the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) has been monitoring the ceasefire between Israel and its neighbouring countries since 1948.
European Union
Since 2001, the European Union has, within the framework of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), assumed responsibility in the area of international crisis prevention, crisis management and post-crisis rehabilitation. CSDP operations can make use of civilian, police and military instruments. Since 2003, the EU has conducted more than 40 missions within the CSDP framework. The CSDP is under the authority of the EU High Representative; a position currently held by Kaja Kallas. She is supported by the European External Action Service (EEAS), the European Union’s diplomatic service.
- 14 civilian operations, 8 military operations within the context of CSDP in Europe, Africa, Middle East (as of 2023);
- Deployed personnel: 1,300 civilian experts including police officers and 5,200 soldiers (as of December 2024);
- Longest EU mission: EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2004.
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the largest regional security organisation in the northern hemisphere – stretching “from Vancouver to Vladivostok.” Its 57 participating states enjoy equal status and all decisions are made by consensus. Its activities focus on confidence building, disarmament, conflict prevention and management. It also promotes strengthening human rights and democratic standards in its participating states. The OSCE pursues a comprehensive approach to security that encompasses politico-military, economic and ecological, and human dimensions. Peace operations have been a part of the OSCE mandate since 1992. An additional focus of the organisation is election observation.
- 13 field operations, exclusively in participating states in the Western Balkan region, Eastern Europe and Central Asia (as of December 2024);
- Deployed personnel: approximately 240 staff deployed in field operations (as of December 2024).
North Atlantic Pact Organization
NATO is a political and military alliance consisting of 32 member countries in Europe and North America pursuing collective security and defence policy objectives. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO’s spectrum of tasks has grown beyond its original collective defence remit. For the purpose of preventing and containing crises, as well as to stabilise countries and regions, NATO now also sends soldiers and, to a lesser extent, civilian experts on ‘out-of-area’ operations.
- Currently two peace operation in Kosovo and Iraq;
- Deployed personnel: over 5,000 soldiers, supported by civilian experts from NATO member countries and partner countries (as of December 2024).
African Union
All of the 55 countries on the African continent are members of the African Union (AU), which was founded in 2002 as the successor organisation to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). Like the EU, it has an extremely broad spectrum of tasks. The AU Peace and Security Council is the standing decision-making body for the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts. It is the key pillar of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), which forms the framework for promoting peace, security and stability in Africa.
Currently one peace operation:
- 5 missions (as of January 2025).
- The African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia took over from the predecessor missions ATMIS and AMISOM in 2025. With a strength of approximately 15,000, ATMIS supports the government of Somalia and the local security forces in stabilizing the country.
The Council of Europe
Headquartered in Strasbourg, the Council of Europe is an organisation made up of 46 member states, whose stated aim is to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The Council of Europe monitors developments in these areas in its member states and develops recommendations for action. Experts from the Council of Europe work on issues such as the protection of national minorities and the fight against corruption and human trafficking.
The Council of Europe should not be confused with the Council of the European Union, the EU body made up of the heads of state and government of the EU member states and the Commission President.
The Organization of American States
All 35 independent states of North, Central and South America are members of the OAS, the world’s oldest regional organisation. Its tasks include conflict prevention and strengthening peace and security in the region. Since 1990, the OAS has been deploying peace operations for this purpose, from short-term ad-hoc missions to longer term operations. The MAPP-OEA mission has been supporting the peace process in Colombia since 2004.
German participation in peace operations
- The largest contingent of of German seconded civilian experts works in the EU Advisory Mission (EUAM) in Ukraine and in the OSCE Headquarters in Vienna (as of January 2025).
- Germany’s first contribution to a peace operation was in 1989/1990, when 50 members of the German Federal Police (at the time known as Federal Border Guard) participated in the UN Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia.
- The German contribution to the UN peacekeeping budget is approximately 372 million dollars, making it the 4th largest donor. This means that Germany provides around 6 % of the entire UN peacekeeping budget of around 6.1 billion dollars.
- Germany is currently the second-biggest financial contributor to the OSCE (almost 11 %).